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4G curriculum (older)

For students clearing pending subjects of the 4G scheme (7-digit subject codes, e.g. 4341602). Students admitted under the current scheme study the 5G curriculum.

4341106 · Semester 4 · 4G scheme

Antenna & Wave Propagation

Notes and solutions following the Gujarat Technological University (GTU) syllabus for 4341106. Independent material — not issued by the university.

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Materials

Syllabus

The official syllabus this material follows.

  • Syllabus

    14 pages

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Complete Book

The whole syllabus, unit by unit, written for the exam.

Problem Solver

Step-by-step solutions to typical problems.

PYQ Solutions

Past university papers, fully solved.

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Syllabus units

Unit 1: Basics of Electromagnetic and Antenna6 h · 16 marks
  • Physical concept of generation of Electromagnetic wave.
  • Electromagnetic field and its radiation from a center fed dipole.
  • Antenna Terminologies: Aerial and antenna, Antenna Impedance, Radiation Resistance, Radiation Pattern, Beam area and beam efficiency, Isotropic radiator gain, Directivity and Gain, Radiation intensity, Half Power BW, Polarization, Antenna losses, Antenna efficiency, Effective aperture, Effective length of antenna, Effects of antenna height, Antenna temperature, Front to Back ratio, Antenna field zones, Power radiated by elementary dipole using Poynting Vector
Unit 2: Basic Antennas & Arrays6 h · 16 marks
  • Radiation characteristics of wire antennas: Resonant wire antennas (λ, 2λ), Non Resonant (Rhombic) Antenna
  • Loop antenna
  • Folded dipole
  • Antenna Arrays: Principle of pattern multiplication, Uniform linear array, Broad side array, End fire array
  • Yagi-uda antenna
Unit 3: Antennas for Special applications7 h · 18 marks
  • HF/VHF/UHF antennas: Inverted V Antenna, Helical antenna, Parabolic reflector antenna, Horn antenna
  • VHF/UHF antennas: Micro strip (patch) antenna, Turnstile and super turnstile antenna, Slot antenna
  • HAM Radio application for emergency communication: Modes of Propagation, Crystal radio for beginners, Morse code and practise oscillator, Use of digital modes (FT8/PSK/RTTY) in HAM radio
Unit 4: Wave Propagation4 h · 10 marks
  • Ground wave propagation: Surface wave, Space wave
  • Sky wave propagation: Ionospheric layers, Critical frequency, Maximum usable frequency
  • Space wave propagation: Line of sight communication, Radio horizon
  • Factors affecting propagation: Frequency, Time of day, Season, Solar activity
Unit 5: Antennas for Advanced Communication5 h · 10 marks
  • Satellite communication basics: Geostationary satellites, LEO, MEO satellites
  • Earth station antennas: Parabolic dish antennas, Tracking systems
  • Modern antenna technologies: Smart antennas, MIMO systems, Phased array antennas
  • Applications in cellular communication, GPS, and wireless networks

About this course

Antennas play a vital role in wireless communication as a terminal component of transmitter and receiver systems. The quality of signals at receiver depends on type of transmitting and receiving antennas, their orientation, transmitting frequency and geographical terrain. For installation & maintenance of wireless systems, the basic knowledge of wave propagation theory is essential. This course will help the students to select and install antennas of desired operating frequency for the particular application. It is therefore a core engineering course for EC engineers and hence students should learn this course for efficient working in the wireless communication field.