DI04009021 · Semester 4 · 5G scheme
Energy Efficiency & Audit
Notes and solutions following the Gujarat Technological University (GTU) syllabus for DI04009021. Independent material — not issued by the university.
Electrical Engineering
Materials
Complete Book
The whole syllabus, unit by unit, written for the exam.
Complete Book
203 pages
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PYQ Solutions
Past university papers, fully solved.
Solved past papers — detailed answers
79 pages · English + ગુજરાતી
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Syllabus units
Unit 1: Energy Management & Audit
- India's energy demand and per capital consumption (2024)
- Terminology: Power, energy, energy audit, demand side management, PAT scheme, energy intensity
- First and second law of thermodynamics
- Scheme of BEE under energy conservation act (only names), Energy intensive industries, National mission for enhanced energy efficiency (NMEEE)
- Energy Audit: Need of energy audit, preliminary, targeted and detailed energy audit, pre audit phase and post audit phase, classification of ENCON measures
- Energy performance: Plant energy performance and production factor
- Electrical measuring instruments: Non-contact infrared thermometer, stroboscope, lux meter, smart energy meter, thermography
- Sankey diagram of three phase induction motor
- Financial management: simple payback period, net present value and cash flow, return on investment and internal rate of return, case study of payback period
Unit 2: Star Level & Energy Saving
- Technical Details of Standards & Label
- Star label applicable to Mandatory appliance and voluntary appliance
- Significance of star label 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of frost-free refrigerator, color TV, washing machine, Tubular Fluorescent lamps, Room Air conditioner, ceiling fan, Electronic / Magnetic ballast, Distribution transformer, Solid state inverter, Induction motor, Agricultural pump sets, Solid-state inverter & EV Charger
- Case study of energy saving in case of energy efficient water pump and Distribution transformer considering star rating
- Window & Split AC
- Operating principal of Air conditioner: Evaporation, Compression, Condensation and Expansion
- Types of Room Air conditioner (RAC): Window AC & Split AC
- Terminology: Energy efficiency ratio (EER) and Indian seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ISEER)
- Methods of evaluation of ISEER and significance
- Variable Frequency drive compressors
- Window & Split AC star rating
- Improve RAC efficiency: Advanced heat exchangers, advanced compressor, electronic expansion valves and high efficiency motors, Dual barrier, Power plasma, Low GMP refrigerants
- IoT based applications in RAC, super-efficient air conditioner
Unit 3: Reactive Power Compensation
- Concept of reactive power, causes of low power factor, advantages of reactive power management by capacitor
- Centralized compensation, individual and group compensation
- Capacitor rating for power factor improvement by using standard table and formula
- Effect of power factor on three phase line current, explain by case study
- Effect of power factor on copper losses, explain by case study
- Capacitor rating for star and delta connection
- Effect of power factor on cable size and energy saving, case study
Unit 4: Energy Efficiency in Electrical and Utility Systems
- Major Energy-Consuming Loads - Motors, lighting, HVAC, transformers, compressors
- Distribution transformer
- Energy efficient distribution transformer
- Methods of reducing core loss and load loss
- Compare amorphous and CRGO core material
- Choice of liquid and dry transformer considering efficiency
- Effect of loading on transformer rating
- Reduction of load loss due to increase in power factor
- Star level of distribution transformer
- Total cost of ownership of transformer and case study
- Energy efficient induction motor
- Energy efficient motors, international efficiency classes IE4, IE3, IE2 and IE1
- Effect of load and power factor on efficiency
- Methods to minimize losses in motor
- Calculate three phase unbalance voltage, effect of voltage unbalance on temperature rise, calculation of loading of motor
- Performance of induction motor in Star and Delta connection during light load
- Case study of payback period of energy efficient motor is replaced by three phase induction motor
- Selection of proper capacitor bank for power factor improvement
- Methods of load survey methodology - sampling, measurement, and analysis
- Lighting system
- Relation between watt and lumens
- Terminology: luminous flux, Illuminance, inverse square law, luminous efficacy, colour rendering index
- Working of LED, energy flow diagram of LED, Advantages of electronic ballast over magnetic ballast
- Lighting design: Light reflectance value, room index, utilization factor, number of light fittings, distance between two fixtures, Case study
- Replacement of LED by Fluorescent tube light, energy saving and payback period, case study
- Distribution System
- Methods to determine energy loss: Direct method and Indirect method
- Causes of technical losses, Measures to reduce technical losses
- Commercial losses, Calculation of AT & C losses, measures to reduces commercial losses
- Demand Side Management (DSM)
- Meaning of DSM, DSM Methodology, meaning of load shape objective
Unit 5: Tariff
- Category of consumers: RGP, RGP (rural), GLP, Non- RGP, LTMD, LTP, AG, HTP-I to IV, LT & HV Electric Vehicle
- Terminology: Demand charge, contact demand, seasonal consumers, energy charge etc.
- Energy bill components for tariff of RGP and RGP (rural), GLP, NON - RGP
- Tariff for LTMD: Demand charge, energy charges, time of use charges, reactive energy charges, billing demand, minimum bill, seasonal consumer
- Tariff for LTP - Lift irrigation: Fixed charges and energy charge
- Tariff for AG: HP based tariff, metered tariff
- Tariff for HTP-I & HTP-II: Demand charges, energy charges, time of use charges, billing demand, minimum bill, power factor adjusting charges, rebate
- Tariff for LT & HT Electric vehicle charging stations: Fixed charge & energy charge
- Case study of electricity bill calculation for RGP, LTMD and HTP-1 considering all government charges
About this course
This course provides practical knowledge and hands-on skills in energy efficiency and energy auditing. It focuses on improving the energy performance of motors, transformers, lighting, HVAC, and utility systems in industrial and building environments. The course also covers systematic energy audit procedures, cost-benefit analysis, and safety practices in accordance with BEE guidelines, preparing students for roles in energy auditing and industrial operations.